Accuracy of pin placement in the canine thoracolumbarspine using a free-hand probing technique versus3D-printed patient-specific drill guides: An ex-vivo study

Objective

To compare pin placement accuracy, intraoperative technique devi-ations, and duration of pin placement for pins placed by free-hand probing(FHP) or 3D-printed drill guide (3DPG) technique.

Ronan A. Mullins MVB, DVMS, DECVS, PGDipUTL, MRCVS | Jorge Espinel Ruperéz LV, MS, PhD, DECVS | Jason Bleedorn DVM, MS, DACVS-SA| Seamus Hoey MVB, DECVDI, DACVR | Scott Hetzel MS | Cristina Ortega DVM | Karl H. Kraus DVM, MS, DACVS | Julien Guevar DVM, MVM, DECVN